Tài liệu miễn phí Bảo hiểm
Download Tài liệu học tập miễn phí Bảo hiểm
Tax Subsidies for Health Insurance An Issue Brief
The second part of the book is focused on developments in the global insurance market. It essentially considers global market trends in the insurance sector in terms of the challenges posed by market trends, regulatory convergence and changes in the technological and corporate landscape. It benefits from submissions made by John Cooke, Chairman of the Financial Leaders Working Group, Chris Gentle Global Director (Research), Financial Services, Deloitte & Touche, Patrizia Baur of Swiss Re and J.F. Outreville of UNCTAD. The third part considers issues relating to regulation, its importance, what kind of regulatory and supervisory principles are key to...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Class 1A National Insurance contributions on benefits in kind
The fourth part deals with country experiences in the insurance sector specifically the experiences of China and Africa based on two case studies undertaken specifically for the meeting. It also focuses on the experiences of insurance providers from developing countries such as Guatemala, India and South Africa. The experiences of Indian insurance provider JB Boda in terms of its operations and the challenges the company faces as well as that of Basil Reekie, chief executive officer, QED, and chairman, African Life Committee, are very illuminating in this regard. The fifth part considers the challenges faced by developing countries in a...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Key Financial Stability Issues In Insurance
The sixth and last part of the book, considers developments at the international level within the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It sets out the current state- of-play within WTO and alternate modalities for scheduling WTO commitments within the insurance sector, and ends with the chairman’s summary of the meeting which encapsulates discussions in all areas but focuses on the impact of insurance liberalization on developing countries. It is hoped that this publication will flag key issues and areas of considerations for developing countries wishing to strengthen their insurance markets and foster a deeper understanding of the development...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
AXA General Insurance Limited and others (Appellants) v The Lord Advocate and others (Respondents) (Scotland)
This paper gives an overview of the global insurance market and emerging trends; the importance of the insurance sector for economic development; the significance and elements of an effective regulatory framework; development issues arising from insurance services liberalization; the importance of insurance as a public good; and the implications of GATS negotiations for the insurance sector and areas of potential export interest for developing countries. Under appropriately designed financial-policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks, insurance services and trade in them will significantly affect an economy’s productivity (including through their impact on the volume of savings). This makes the insurance sector...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Insurance Risk Study Seventh Edition 2012
The insurance sector is an infrastructural pillar of the financial services sector and the economy as a whole. It plays a key role in economic development. Several empirical studies suggest a strong correlation between the development of financial intermediaries and economic growth. According to Patrick (1966) 3 there are two, possibly coexisting, relationships between the financial sector and economic growth. The first is the case where the financial sector has a supply-leading relationship with growth, and where economic growth can be induced through the supply of financial services. The second is a demand-following relationship where the demand for financial services can...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Insurance and Other Financial Services
The insurance industry is quite heterogeneous and the structure of the sector varies according to the prevailing level of economic development. 6 In fact, developed countries’ insurance sectors usually include life insurers, non-life insurers and reinsurers. These companies may be stand-alone enterprises or parts of groups or conglomerates, and they may conduct business internationally. Developing countries’ insurance providers, in turn, are smaller and generally do not engage in major international activities. There can also be differences between insurance institutions in a particular country or market segment. (For example, because of the wide range of risks to which they can be exposed,...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Medicare Supplement Insurance Handbook & Rate Guide
The Government plays an important role in ensuring that insurance services can generate benefits. In developed countries, the Government’s key role is to act as a regulator to ensure security and stability in the sector. In developing countries, it also has the role of providing insurance services as a public good. Developing countries seek to establish efficient domestic regulatory frameworks as a prerequisite for insurance service privatization and liberalization. By making the regulatory environment transparent, effective, flexible and simplified, and by pursuing national policy objectives, Governments can help maximize the contribution of insurance services to development. The benefits of...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Trade and development aspects of insurance services and regulatory frameworks
Developing countries’ markets depend extensively (technically and financially) on international services. Reasons for this include (among others) structural, financial and technical constraints, including the small size of markets, under-capitalization of insurance companies and insufficient experience and know-how. Usually, insurance industries there also have a shortage of skilled personnel. There is also a dependence on foreign reinsurance, which has implications for the contribution of the insurance industry to national development, in particular with respect to savings promotion and mobilization. 7 Given that these constraints can significantly affect the shortage of insurance services, more research needs to be done on the supply side...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Wisconsin Insurance Licensing Candidate Handbook
As one of the key pillars of the financial services sector the insurance sector is a central element of the trade and development matrix. As both an infrastructural and commercial service, a well-functioning insurance sector plays a crucial role in economic development not just at a macro economic level but also in terms of the activities of individuals and businesses. The world insurance market is dominated by industrialized countries which in 2004 generated about 88 per cent of world life insurance premiums and accounted for 90 per cent of the world non-life market. However figures for real growth rate...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
The European Union Integration Process And Insurance Market Development: The Case Of The Pormer Yugoslav Countries
We are pleased to present the updated issue of publication „Social insurance in Poland – information, facts”. You will fi nd here current information on tasks exercised by the Social Insur- ance Institution (ZUS), current amounts of contributions and benefi ts provided for in the Polish social security system. Starting from 1 January 2009 payment of old-age benefi ts from the new old-age pension scheme, introduced in 1999, has started. For this reason we would like to pay particular attention to old-age pensions from the Social Insurance Fund....
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Cost Sharing for Health Care: France, Germany, and Switzerland
The information has been organised thematically in possibly simple way. It concerns social nsurance benefi ts and some of non-insurance benefi ts that are, however, managed by ZUS, as a public institution servicing the social security system in Poland. The study also describes the general principles of operation of separate systems, which are not managed by ZUS: health insurance, family benefi ts, benefi ts in respect of unemployment as well as the scheme of social insurance of farmers. Information on the mentioned systems seems necessary to present a full picture of all benefi ts irrespective of their affi liation to...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Social Health Insurance Systems In Western Europe
The social insurance of farmers is covered by section „rural development”. This section falls under the competence of the minister in charge of rural development, who, however, cooperates in matters of social insurance of farmers with the minister in charge of social security issues. Problems of employment and counteracting unemployment are covered by „labour” section, administered by the minister in charge of labour issues. „Health” section covers inter alia issues of health protection and organisation of health care, supervision over medicinal products and medical devices, treatment in health resorts and coordi- nation of the social security systems in the fi eld of health...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
CANADIAN HEALTH INSURANCE: Lessons for the United States
Article 87 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland mentions – among the universally binding legislation – also ratifi ed international conventions/agreements. It means that these con- ventions/agreements form a part of the domestic legal order and have precedence over national laws in the event of potential collision with these laws, if they have been ratifi ed upon prior consent granted by the Act of Parliament (Article 91 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland). Since 1 May 2004, that is from the day of Poland’s accession to the European Union, the EU legal acts, and fi rst of...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
The Insurance Policy Protecting Your Business by Understanding Your Policy
The Community regulations on the coordination of social security systems of Member States have superseded – from the moment of Poland’s accession to the European Union – the bilateral international conventions/agreements on social security, which had earlier bound Poland with the Member States. The following still remain in force in Poland: r bilateral conventions on social security con- cluded with Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia (that is Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, except for Slovenia, which is a European Union Member) and some stipulations of a convention concluded with Austria and of conventions concluded with Germany r several governmental agreements on mutual...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Insurance and Financial Stability
On 1 July 2007 a Polish-Macedonian agreement on social security entered into force. It replaced an agreement between the Government of the Polish People’s Republic and the Gove- rnment of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia of 1958. The agreement between the Republic of Poland and the United States of America signed in Warsaw on 2 April 2008 and the administrative arrangement on its application, signed in Warsaw on 2 April 2008, entered into force on 1 March 2009. On 2 April 2008 an agreement on social security was signed with Canada and on 25 Febru- ary 2009 with the Republic of Korea. Draft...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008
The Social Insurance Institution was established in 1934 by means of an Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 24 October 1934 on the amendment of the Law of 28 March 1933 on social insurance. In accordance with the Ordinance, 5 insurance institutions have been merged (Social Insurance Chamber, Sickness Insurance Institution, Accident Insur- ance Institution, White-Collar Employees’ Insurance Institution, Blue-Collar Workers’ Insurance Institution). The reform of 1999 has put before ZUS the biggest challenge in its history, by imposing upon this institution much bigger responsibilities than before. In result of the structural character of the social insurance and health...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
GAPS IN HEALTH INSURANCE: AN ALL-AMERICAN PROBLEM
The term fi nance of the social insurance means incomes and expenditure on benefi ts fi nanced by the Social Insurance Fund (SIF), that is benefi ts from the old-age pensions’ fund, pension fund, sickness fund and work accident fund. And family benefi ts, health benefi ts, benefi ts in respect of unemployment and benefi ts from the social insurance of farmers are fi nanced in a different way. The Social Insurance Fund is the appropriated State Fund. It has been established by virtue of the law as from 1 January 1999, to perform tasks in the fi eld of...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Risk Management in the Insurance Business Sector
Since 1 January 2003 a percentage rate of a contribution to work accident insurance has been differentiated for individual contribution payers and depends on risk category and on a number of persons notifi ed to work accident insurance. If the insured person is a member of an open pension fund, a part of the contribution to his or her old-age pension insurance, at a rate of 7.30% of the basis for assessment, is transferred by ZUS to the open pension fund selected by the insured person. Contributions to old-age pension insurance are fi nanced by insured persons and by con- tribution payers from their...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
North Carolina Insuranee Licensing Examination Candidate Guide
Concerns about rising health care costs and affordability of health care for families persist despite the enactment of comprehensive health reform legislation in March 2010 (the Affordable Care Act, or ACA). 1 The ACA changed the health care landscape considerably by providing significant financial assistance to help people with low and moderate incomes afford coverage and associated cost sharing. The law provides new standards for private health insurance, including identifying minimum benefits for health insurance, placing limits on cost sharing for covered benefits, and establishing new rules for private health insurance that assure access to coverage for people with...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
INSURANCE YEAR IN REVIEW 2011
This primer gives a brief glimpse of available data on health care costs, and summarizes the impact of spending growth on various parts of society. The National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA), the source for several of the analyses shown, present the costs of care by type of health service or product (such as hospital care, physician services, or prescription drugs), sources of funds (such as private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or out-of-pocket by the individual patient), and types of sponsors (private business, households, and government). Results from both the Kaiser Family Foundation/Health Research and Educational Trust Employer Health Benefits...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007
Health care spending has exceeded economic growth in every recent decade. Over the last four decades, the average growth in health spending has exceeded the growth of the economy as a whole by between 1.1 and 3.0 percentage points (Figure 2). Since 1970, health care spending per capita has grown at an average annual rate of 8.2% or 2.4 percentage points faster than nominal GDP. The persistence of this trend suggests systematic differences between health care and other economic sectors where growth rates are typically more in line with the overall economy. A smaller difference is...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
ILLINOIS COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH INSURANCE PLAN
Most health care spending is for care provided by hospitals and physicians. Health care spending encompasses a wide variety of health-related goods and services, from hospital care and prescription drugs to dental services and medical equipment purchases. Figure 7 illustrates spending on health by type of expense in 2010. Spending on hospital care and physician services ($1,329.5 billion combined) makes up just over one-half of health care expenditures (51%). While spending on prescription drugs ($259.1 billion) accounts for only 10% of total health expenditures, its rapid growth has received considerable attention (a 114% increase since 2000, compared to ...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
A Shopper’s Guide To LONG-TERM CARE INSURANCE
Several figures in this primer show the cumulative percent change in private health insurance or health insurance premiums (Figures 11, 15, and 20). These cumulative increases may vary from figure to figure because different years are used, the data sources differ, and what is being measured varies. Figure 11 uses the private health insurance category of the HHS national health expenditure data, which includes both private employer and individual health insurance premiums drawn from a number of sources, the medical portion of accident insurance, and the net cost of private insurance (including administrations costs, additions to reserves, rate...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
WHY DO LIFE INSURANCE POLICYHOLDERS LAPSE? THE ROLES OF INCOME, HEALTH AND BEQUEST MOTIVE SHOCKS
In conducting their operations, farmers are exposed to financial losses because of production risks—droughts, floods, and other natural disasters—as well as price risks. The federal government has played an active role in helping to mitigate the effects of these risks on farm income by promoting the use of crop insurance. RMA has overall responsibility for administering the federal crop insurance program, including controlling costs and protecting against fraud, waste, and abuse. RMA partners with 15 private insurance companies that sell and service the federal program’s insurance policies and share a percentage of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Health Insurance for Entrepreneurs A Buyer’s Guide for Self-employed and Small Business Owners
States seeking to operate a State-based Exchange or electing to participate in a State Partnership Exchange must submit a complete Exchange Blueprint no later than 30 business days prior to the required Approval date of January 1 (November 16, 2012 for plan year 2014). A State may submit its Declaration Letter at any time prior to this deadline. If a State’s Declaration Letter is received more than 20 business days prior to the submission of its Blueprint, the State may request an Exchange Application consultation with CMS regarding preparation of its Application for Approval as a State-based...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Slaughter And May Insurance
Most crop insurance policies are either production-based or revenue- based. For production-based policies, a farmer can receive a payment if there is a production loss relative to the farmer’s historical production per acre. Revenue-based policies protect against crop revenue loss resulting from declines in production, price, or both. The federal government encourages farmers’ participation in the federal crop insurance program by subsidizing their insurance premiums and acting as the primary reinsurer for the private insurance companies that take on the risk of covering, or “underwriting,” losses to insured farmers. A common measure of crop insurance program participation is the percentage of...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
KEY INFORMATION ON HEALTH CARE COSTS AND THEIR IMPACT - May 2012
In addition, the federal government pays administrative expense subsidies to insurance companies as an allowance that is intended to cover their expenses for selling and servicing crop insurance policies. In turn, insurance companies use these subsidies to cover their overhead expenses, such as payroll and rent, and to pay commissions to insurance agencies and agents. Companies also incur expenses associated with verifying—adjusting—the amount of loss claimed. These expenses include, for example, loss adjusters’ compensation and their travel expenses to farmers’ fields. The financial relationships among the federal government, private insurance companies, agents, and farmers are illustrated in figure 1. ...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
SOCIAL INSURANCE IN POLAND information, facts 2009
ARPA and the 2008 farm bill set premium subsidy rates, that is, the percentage of the premium paid by the government. Premium subsidy rates vary by the level of insurance coverage that the farmer chooses and the geographic diversity of the crops insured. For most policies, the statutory subsidy rates range from 38 percent to 80 percent. Table 1 shows the total costs of subsidies for all crop insurance premiums and administrative expenses for 2000 through 2011. The table shows that premium subsidies have generally increased since 2000, both in dollars and as a percentage of total premiums. The premium...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Draft Blueprint for Approval of Affordable State-based and State Partnership Insurance Exchanges
The Affordable Care Act establishes Affordable Insurance Exchanges (Exchanges) to provide individuals and small business employees with access to health insurance coverage beginning January 1, 2014. 1 An Exchange is an entity that both facilitates the purchase of Qualified Health Plans (QHP) by qualified individuals and provides for the establishment of a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP), consistent with Affordable Care Act 1311(b) and 45 CFR 155.20. Exchanges will provide competitive marketplaces for individuals and small employers to directly compare and purchase private health insurance options on the basis of price, quality, and other factors. Exchanges are...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00
Savings Would Result from Program Changes and Greater Use of Data Mining
As crop prices increase, the value of the crops being insured increases, which results in higher crop insurance premiums and premium subsidies. For example, the prices of major crops were substantially higher in 2011 than in 2006, and premium subsidies in 2011 (about $7.4 billion) were substantially higher than in 2006 (about $2.7 billion). USDA forecasts that the prices of major crops—corn, cotton, soybeans, and wheat—will continue to be substantially higher than 2006 prices through 2016. Administrative expense subsidies also increased because of higher crop prices. However, RMA capped administrative expense subsidies in the 2011 standard reinsurance agreement (SRA), a...
8/30/2018 1:44:26 AM +00:00