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- Churcmg 5
ONG DUNG THUONG MAI Dim T6
TRONG DOANH NGHIEP
5.1. Xay dung hg thong thuong mai dintir trong doanh nghib
Cong nghe thong tin la tap hgp cac phucmg phap khoa hoc, ding nghe
va cong cu ky thuat hien dai de san xuAt va truyen dua, thu thap, xir 13'/, luu
trit va trao doi thong tin so. (Khoan 1 — Dieu 4 — Luat Cong nghe thong tin
nam 2006).
He thing thong tin hieu theo nghia rang la tap hop va ket hop cila cac
phan cimg, phan m6m va cac he mang tniyen thong dugc xay chmg va sir
dung de thu thap, tao va tai tao, phan phii va chia se thong tin nham phvc
vu cac muc tieu cua t6 chirc.
Hinh 5.1: Cac thinh phlin ciia HTTT
Ngu On: Foundations of Information System, D.S.Yadas
197
- Chirc nang cita he thong thong tin bao gOm:
- Nhap dit thu thap va nhan dir lieu dt xir 1Sr.
- Xir 15r du chuytn d6i du lieu thanh thong tin c6 nghia v6i nguoi
sir dung.
- Xuat thong tin: phan phei thong tin dtn nhfing nguOi hoac hoat d6ng
can sir dung thong tin do.
- Luu frit thong tin.
- Cung cap thong tin phL hOi: nhim ho trg qua trinh kit'm tra, danh gia
lai va hoan thien he thong.
5.1.1. Lieu trir wesbite thwang mai dien tir
5.1.1.1. MOt so phi:mg phap ltru trir website
Ban chat cua website la tap hop cac trang web (webpages) clued clang
cac trang web san CO (cac trang tinh) hoac cac trang web dugc to ra tir cac
tai nguyen va co sa du lieu (cac trang dOng). Luu frit website la mot trong
cac van de quan trang nit& cua thucmg mai dien tir.
Viec ltru trir website thucmg mai dien tir bao gom ca km frit dir lieu
(thong tin vt doanh nghiep, san xuat, kinh doanh, khach hang...), he thong
phan m'em xir ly cac giao dich dien tir (mua ban trirc tuy6n, quan 1ST hoa don,
dich vu khach hang...) va nhitng nOi dung khac tren website (catalogue dien
tir, bao cao, tai nguyen s6...). Thy theo quy mo cita he thong thucmg mai
a
dien tir ma so luting, cAu hinh dm he thong may chii can sir dung luu
cac website thuong mai dien tir se khac nhau.
Hien nay, ca mOt s6 phuong phap co ban dt km tra cac website thucmg
mai dien tir nhu sau:
-Tv dku tv mua cac may chit ve lap dat tai co sO cua doanh nghiep,
thue chuyen gia thitt ke va xay dung he thong mang ciing nhu cai dat cac
phan mtm can thitt dt quan tri he thong may chit cua doanh nghiep.
+ Nhugc ditm: Chi phi dau to xay dung he thOng may chit dm rieng
doanh nghiep rat lan, vt co ses ha tang, vt may m6c, thitt bi, chi phi thue
thitt ke he thong va quan tri he thong sau nay. D giam thitu chi phi ha
tang, doanh nghiep co tht van dL to may chit nhtrng thue cht) de dat may
198
- chit tai cac nha cung cap dich vg nay. Nhu vay, tranh dau to xay dung cac
phimg may chit von có tieu chuan ky, thuat rat cao va tranh thud duong
truyen rieng de ket n6i den cac may chi' cua minh. Cach lam nay van dam
bao dugc bi mat thong tin cila doanh nghiep do cac may chit dugc ltru giti
tai cac phimg dugc bao mat cao. Hien nay, tai Viet Nam, he th6ng may chit
cua cac ngari hang, twang dai hoc, hai quan, thud... thu6ng dugc to xay
dung va van hanh ben trong t6 chirc.
+ iru diem: Mire dO an toan ciia thong tin va chit dOng trong van hanh
he th6ng ciing nhu nang, cap, ma rang sau nay. Ben canh do, kha nang to
xay dung, quan he thong may chit thucmg mai dien tir cimg la mOt nang
luc canh tranh quan trong cua cac doanh nghiep khi tham gia kink doanh
dien tir.
- Thue may chit cua cac nha cung cap dich vu (thud chti tren mOt may
chit hoac thud mOt s6 may chit). Theo dO, cac doanh nghiep tra phi a
co the
sir dung mOt phan dung lugng 6 ding teen may chit de km trir website hoac
thud mOt s6 may chit cua nha cung cap dich vu a
sir dung. CO the sir dung
ket hop hinh thirc nay vai hinh thirc tren. Thom chi nhiing doanh nghiep
hang dau trong thucmg mai dien tir nhu Google ding thud ngoai dich vu luu
tit website.
+ Lru diem: Cac chi phi xay dung co s6 ha tang, lap at dtrimg truyen,
duy tri va quan tri cac may chit do nha cung cap dich vu thuc hien. Doanh
nghiep chi phai tra phi thud dich vu hang thang. Doanh nghiep tan dung
dugc duong truyen t6c dO cao cua nha cung cap dich vu.
+ Nhugc diem: Mirc dO bao mat thong tin khong dugc bao dam do
doanh nghiep khong kiem soat hoan toan flitting may chit km trir th8ng tin
cua minh. Do do, phucmg phap nay thu6ng phii hop vori cac he th6ng thucmg
mai dien tir nh6, cac website chi co chirc nang giai thieu, quang ba san
pham, dich vu... chua có chirc nang thanh toan truc tuyen va cac chirc nang
cao cap khac nhu phan tich dit lieu (data mining) hay chia se thong tin giita
cac d6i tac (B2B integration).
5.1.1.2. Duemg Internet thud rieng (leased line Internet) cho cac may chi.'
Khi doanh nghiep mu6n xay chmg he th6ng may chit cua rieng minh va
he th6ng nay (tat tai trung tam ltru tru dit lieu dm doanh nghiep thi doanh
199
- ' lam cac doanh nghiep vira va
truyen nay con cao, chua phu hgp v6i phan
nho hien nay.
Bang 5.1: Danh sach cac nha cung cap dich vu Internet Jon
tai Viet Nam
STT Ten cling ty Website
1 VDC home.vnn.vn
2 FPT www.fpt.vn
3 Vietel www.vietel.com.vn
4 NetNam www.netnam.vn
Nguan: www.vnnic.com.vn ,2010
5.1.1.3. May cini web
Cac may chi' web not chung thuamg c6 bo nbo., 6 cung dung lugng
chay lien tvc 24/7, va b0 vi xir ly c6 t6c d0 cao hcm cac may tinh ca nhan
th8ng thuo.ng. Nhieu may chii web sir dung nhieu be vi xir 1ST. Yeu cau co
ban dloi vOi cac may chi' la kha nang hoat dOng lien tuc 24/7 va xir 157 d6ng
thai nhieu thong tin khi nhieu nguari dung cung truy cap dua ra. Vi vay, cac
may chil web sir dung nhieu phan cung nen chimg thuamg c6 gia dat hcm cac
may tram th6ng thuamg. Cac may tinh ca nhan tot hien nay, thong thuamg
gia chi khoang USD 1.000 — USD 3.000 trong khi do cac may chit web
thuamg co gia tir USD 6.000 den USD 400.000. Cac cong ty ban may chi'
web nhu Dell, Gateway, Hewlett Packard va Sun, tat ca cac cong ty nay deli
co cong cu ho trg cau hinh tren trang web dm h9 de khach hang c6 the xem
va hra ch9n cau hinh may chu cho phu hgp.
5.1.1.4. Ranh gia nang luc clic' may clui web
Cac yeti t6 anh huang den t6c d0 thuc thi cua may chit bao g6m: phan
cung, phan mem he dieu hanh, phan mem may chu, t6c de ket noi, s6 lugng
nguai dimg, va loai trang web dang phan ph6i. Khi danh gia hieu rang ciia
may chi' web, chung to can biet chinh xac nhang yeti t6 nao dang dugc do
va dam bao rang cac yeu t6 do IA quan trong lien quan den viec sir dling cua
202
- may chit web. MOt nhan t6 khac anh huOng den hieu nang cita may chit web
d6 la t6c dO ket n6i. MOt may chit dugc ket not bang mOt duon T3
(44,736Mbps) se co kha nang phan ph6i cac trang web tai cac may tram
nhanh hcm neu dung du6ng T1 (1,544Mbps).
S6 lugng nguai dung ma may chit co the phuc vu va quan 1ST dugc cung
la mOt yeti t6 quan trong. Dieu nay c6 the gay kh6 khan cho viec do dac bei
vi cac ket qua bi anh huang bOi t6c dO duOng truyen ctia may chit, t6c dO
throng truyen dm may tram, va kich thuac cita trang web dugc phan ph6i.
Hai y6u t6 de danh gia khi do t6c dO phan phat trang web dm mOt may chit
web d6 la thong luong va then gian dap img. Thong lugng a day dugc hieu
la s6 lugng yeu eau ma phan cung va phan mem may chit co the xir ly dugc
a
trong mOt don vi thOri gian. ThOi gian dap ung la thOi gian can thiet may
chit xirlSimOt yeu cau.
Vol nhang he th6ng website nho, s6 ngued truy nhap it, nen c6 the sir
dung cac may chit vOi bff) vi xir ly dOng Pentium t6c dO 3.0 Ghz, RAM 2Gb
tres len la chAp nhan dugc. Con yen cac he th6ng lon, s6 lucmg giao dich 16n,
nhieu nguixi truy cap, can sir dung nhieu may chit co cAu hinh manh hon va
co he thOng mang dugc thiet ke hgp ly, phan chia cac giao dich can xi/. 1Si
qua thiet bi can bang tai. Vi du, voi cac doanh nghiep lon nhu Amazon,
Alibaba... thi he th6ng may chit khong phai chi co 1 ma co the len tai hang
nghin may chit tao thanh met mpg phan ph6i, cac may chit nay c6 the
khong tap trung mOt cht; ma dugc dat rai rac tai mOt s6 dia diem tren the
giai nham tang tlic de xir ly len nhanh !that c6 the dugc cho khach hang.
De co the lua chon dugc phan cung tot cho may chit web, chung ta co
the sir dung phuong phap kiem tra ten nhieu yeti t6 ket hop. De CO the thuc
hien dugc viec kiem tra, tat nhien chimg ta phai cai dat ca phan cirng lan
phan mem cho may chit. Dieu nay se kh6 thuc hien dugc khi chimg ta chua
tra tien mua may chit dO. Tuy nhien, chung ta c6 the sir dung cac testing labs
d'ec lap cita cac ding ty khac, vi du nhu Mindcraft, de kiem tra phan cung,
phan mem dm he th6ng. Mindcraft cung cap nhieu bao cao va cac th6ng ke
so sanh tong hop dm phan cimg va he dieu hanh va cac san phAm phan mem
may chit web. (Tham khao them www.mindcraft.com)
203
- 5.1.1.5. He diL himh cho cac may cha web
He dieu hanh co nhiem vu thuc thi chucmg trinh va phan phoi tai
nguyen nhu bO nha, khOng gian ltru trir cho chucmg trinh. Phan mem he
dieu hanh cling cung cap cac dich vu nhap xuat tai cac thiet bi ket n6i von
may tinh nhu ban phim, man hinh va may in. MOt may tinh mu6n hog dOng
dugc phai dtrgc cal dat phan mem he dieu hanh a dieu khien viec thuc thi
cac chucmg trinh. V6i cac he thiing lan, he dieu hanh con phai theo doi hoat
• &Ong cita nhieu nguaci sir dung khac nhau khi h9 cling dang nhap vao he
th6ng va phai dam bao hog dOng cua nhUng nguad sir dung nay khong gay
can tra nhau.
Phan lan cac may chit web dugc cai dat mot trong cac he dieu hanh
sau: Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server,
Microsoft Windows 2003 Server, Linux, hoc cac he diet' hanh dira teen
UNIX nhir Solaris hoc FreeBSD va cac phien ban cao cap han. Nhieu
ding ty tin rang cac san pham dm hang Microsoft thi dcm gian, nhan vien he
th6ng thong tin dm ho c6 the hoc va sir dung chimg de han la cac he dieu
hanh dua tren he th6ng UNIX. Cac cong ty khac thi lo ling ye van de yeu
kem trong bao mat do viec tich hap gicra cac phan mem irng dung va he dieu
hanh cita cac san pham cita Microsoft. May chit web chay tren nen UNIX thi
phi bien hcm, va nhieu nguoi sir dung tin rang viec cai dat may chit web tren
UNIX se bao mat hcm.
Linux la mot he dieu hanh ma ngutm mar, de cai dat, nhanh va hieu qua.
Phan mem ma ngu'On ma dugc phat trien bad mot cong diing cac lap trinh
vien, h9 tao ra cac phan mem va cung cap mien phi cho nhimg nguoi quan
tam co the tai xu6ng. Cac lap trinh vien khac sir dung cac phan mem nay sira
d6i, tit)/ bien hoac phat trien chimg. Cac lap trinh vien co the cung cap phien
ban da cai lien cua h9 trO lai cong dling de m9i ngtrad sir dung va tiep tuc
phat trien.
S6 Luang cac cong ty ban may chit web da bao gim luon he dieu hanh
Linux trong eau hinh ngam dinh clang ngay cang tang len. Mac dit he dieu
hanh Linux c6 the tai mien phi tir Internet, phan Lan cac cong ty van mua
chimg thong qua cac nha phan ph6i thucmg mai. Cac nha phan ph6i san
pham he dieu hanh Linux da cung cap them mot s6 phan mem hilu dung nhu
204
- cac tien ich cai dAt va met ban hgp deng ho trg cho he dieu hanh. Cong ty
phan phei Linux phien ban thucmg mai ban cac phien ban cua he dieu hanh
cac tien ich cho may chii web bao gem: Caldera, Mandrake, Red Hat, va
SuSE. Hang Sun ban phan cling may chil web ding v6i he dieu hanh dva
tren nen UNIX nhu Solaris.
5.1.1.6. Phein mem may chii web
Do la cac phan mem ma may chil web phai cai dAt de cac website co
the hoat deng tren nen cac phan mem nay. Gieng nhu muen cai dAt va danh
may bang MS Word thi may tinh phai dugc cai dAt MS Windows. Met s6
phan mem phe bien nhdt hien nay dang dugc dung lam may chil web nhu:
Apache Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) va Sun Java
System Web Server (JSWS) (thuang dugc goi bang cac ten khac nhu Sun
ONE, iPlanet Enterprise Server, va Netscape Enterprise). Thir hang ve mirc
de phi; bien nay da dugc tich luy thong qua dieu tra dugc thvc hien bC'si
NetCraft, met cong ty to van ve mang 6 Anh. Netcraft dieu tra d6i vai tong
s6 trang web dang ten tai va do mirc dO lien quan den tinh phe bien cua
phan mem may chi' web.
Netcraft chi ra rang, thi truang cua phan mem may chii web trong met
vai nam On day da di vao on dinh. Nhin chung Apache chiem khoang 65
den 70% thi phan, Microsoft IIS chiem khoang 20 den 25 0/0 thi phan. Theo
dieu tra cua met tap chi may tinh, thi phan cua cac phan mem may chii web
ding rat khac nhau d6i vai may chil web ding Ong va may chii web not be.
(0 May chzi web Apache
Apache la ten ciia met nhem phat trien phan mem. Rob McCool phat
trien Apache trong khi dang lam viec tai tnrang dai hoc dm Illinois tai
NCSA vao nam 1994. Met vai webmaster tren the giai dd tao ra phan ma
reng rieng cho may chil de h9 co the dieu khien cac thay dOi cua minh cho
he thong (dugc biet den vai cai ten "patches" co nghia la cac "mieng va").
He thOng nay bao gem met N thong nhan g6c vai rat nhieu manh (patches)
do do no dugc biet den \Teri ten pi la "a patchy server" hay ggi dan gian la
" apache". Apache hien nay co the download mien phi teen internet.
Apache dA thong tri trong linh vi.rc web to nam 1996 boi 15, do apache
205
- la mien phi va hog dOng rat hieu qua. Apache manh Mn mire ma ding ty
IBM cimg sir dung trong cac goi img dung cho may chir WebShpere. Cac
phan mem may chir web kirk nhu Zeus, ding dugc phat trien dua tren ma
ngu6n ma dm Apache. Hien nay, có khoang tir 65-70% may chir Web teen
the giai sir dung Apache, nglifa la Apache dirge sir dung mOt each rOng rai
Iran tat ca cac phan mem may chi' Web khac hgp lai. Apache chay dugc tren
nhieu he dieu hanh nhu FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX, Linux, Microsoft
Windows, SCO-UNIX, va Solairis.
(ii) May chu web Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
Mat s6 website chi chay dugc tren nen may chi' web dm Microsoft la
IIS, vi du la cac website dugc viet bang non ner ASP va dot.Net . May chi'
web IIS dugc gan kern theo trong phien ban hien hanh cira he diet' hanh may
chit Windows dm Microsft. IIS dugc sir dung nhieu trong cac mang Intranet
bai VI do có nhieu cong ty da tucmg thich cac san pham dm Microsoft vai
cac san pham chuan cua ho.
IIS co the phir hgp vai ca cac website nho ding nhu cac he th6ng
thucmg mai dien tir lan. Theo dieu tra teen the giai cc!, khoang 20-25 phan
tram cac may chit web sir dung phan mem IIS nay. Trong mOt vai tram On
day, s6 lugng trang web sir dung IIS da giam xu6ng, nguyen nhan la do IIS
có nhieu 18 h6ng ve bao mat va da bi cong khai. Cac 18 h6ng nay lam cho
the may chir chay IIS de bi tan cong.
(iii) May cha web Java System Web Server caa Sun Microsystems (Sun
ONE, iPlanet, Netscape)
Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) dugc phat trien dua tren chucmg
trinh may chit web NCSA va dugc biet den cluai mot s6 ten nhu Sun ONE,
Netscape Enterprise Server, va iPlanet Enterprise Server. Khi AOL mua
Netscape nam 1999, cong ty nay cid cong tac vai Sun Microsystems de he
trg va tiep tuc phat trien san pham Netscape. Su cong tac nay dugc pi ten la
iPlanet va hog d6ng dm no keo dai 3 nam va het han vao thang 3 nam 2002.
Khi ket thirc, iPlanet troy thanh mOt phan dm Sun beri vi may chi" web va cac
phan mem thucmg mai dien tit ma iPlanet ban a co quan 116 chat the vai
hog dang kinh doanh dm Sun km dm Time Warner.
206
- Sun JSWS la san pham thucmg mai, tuy nhien chi phi ban quyen cila no
la chdp nhan ducfc. Mirc phi dm no thay d6i tuy thuOc vao nang luc cua b0
vi xir ly ciia may chii ma no cai Tat len, tuy nhien phan Ian website tra vm
mirc phi tir USD 1.400 den USD 5.000 cho viec mua ban quyen nay. Phan
mem cila Sun ding hog dOng dugc ten nhieu he dieu hanh nhu: HP_UX,
Solaris va ca Windows. Theo danh gia mai day, chi có khoang 5% may chil
web sir dung Sun JSWS. Tuy nhien mOt s6 website n6i tieng nhdt, tap nap
nhdt lai van Bang sir dung phan mem may chi' nay dm Sun, dien hinh la
BMW, Dilbert, E*TRADE, Excite, Lycos va Schwab.
5.1.1.7. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chei website thwang mai
dien to
mot bo chuyen mach can bang tai (load balancing switch) la mOt thik
bi mang co the dieu khien phan phi cong viec cho cac may chit vao no va
chia luting thong tin den vao may chii co kha nang dap img tot nhAt trong
tong th&i diem. Trong mOt he th6ng can bang tai don gian, dir lieu di vao
website tir internet se di qua bo dinh tuyen cua website sau do den b0
chuyen mach can bang tai, b0 chuyen mach nay se phan tich va huong du
lieu den may chil web co kha nang dap img tot rill& luting dir lieu nay trong
s6 cac may chil cua doanh nghiep.
Hinh 5.2. HO thong can bing tai cho cac may chii web
Load-
begancing
switch
Ngudn: Alias, 2003, Ecommerce for Managers.
207
- Hinh 5.3. Hg thtmg can Wing tai cho cac may chit web
Ngwin: Alias, 2003, Ecommerce for Managers.
Trong met he th6ng can bang tai phirc tap, dik lieu di vao co the gap
nhieu ham met be dinh tuyen tren dm met website lan, sau do no dugc
huang tai met nhom cac may chit co chirc nang xac dinh. Ca be chuyen
mach can bang tai va 'lan mem dieu khien co the CO gia tir 10.000 den
50.000 USD, dien hinh la cac san phAm nhu E-load, Loadrunner, Serverlron
va Silkperformer.
5.1.1.8. Djch vu hat tru website va phuung phap danh gia
Hien nay co rat nhieu nha cung cAp dich vu Internet hO trq dich vu
hosting (cho thue khong gian tren cac may chit de cai dat website). Vay
doanh nghiep nen dip vao cac tieu chi nao de dua ra lua chip phu hqp nhAt
von nhu eau sir dung cua minh. Met so tieu chi chung to co the tham khao de
lira chce met nha cung cAp dich vu nhu:
-Nang luc h6 try phtin cerng: Cho biet cAu hinh may chit dugc nha
cung cAp dich v1,1 sir dung, toc de dm be vi xir 15, , dung lacing be nha, he
208
- di'e'u hanh dugc cai dat teen may chi'. Dieu nay se tic dOng den kha nang xir
ly cac giao dich cua website thuang mai dien tir. Vi du may chi' co kha nang
xir 15, bao nhieu giao dich, bao nhieu khach hang có the truy cap ang thai
vao may
- Kha nang ha ire' plain mem: Cho biet may chi' se hO trg cac website
thuang mai dien tir nao, co phi' h9p vbi cong nghe dugc sir dung de xay
dung website cua doanh nghiep hay khong. Tuy nhien, thtremg nha cung cap
co nhieu may chi' khac nhau va có kha nang dap img mqi cong nghe xay
dung website ph6 bien. Mac du vay, doanh nghiep van can hru 5/ den cac
yeu t6 ca ban nhu cong nghe xay dung website cua doanh nghiep, ngon ngcr
lap trinh dugc sir dung de viet ma ngu6n, ca sb dir lieu dugc xay dung ten
phan mem nao. Hien nay có rat nhieu ngon ngit cho phep cac lap trinh vien
xay dung mOt website mOt cach nhanh chong nhu ASP, PHP, Java,
Dot.net ,... vai moi ngon ngit doi hoi mOt chtrang trinh webserver khac
nhau; vi du voi ASP thi chay teen moi truang window vOl webserver la IIS,
Php có the chay tren ca windows, Unix, Linux va webserver co the la
Apache Server, con vai website dugc viet bang java thi can có Tomcat
Server. Ve ca sb dit lieu cling có rat nhieu he quan tri khac nhau nhu Oracle,
Microsoft SQL, MySQL... Ngoai ra con mOt s6 tien ich khac có the lien
quan d'e'n he th6ng website khi xay dung ngueri lap trinh se het ke trong
danh sach yeu eau ve he th6ng, dua vac do chimg to se biet dugc lua ch9n
nha cung cap dich vu có ht; trg phan mem nhu the nao cho phu hap voi yeu
eau cua phan mem website cua minh.
- Ted nguyin mgng: Ben canh cac tieu chi ve phan cling, phan mem da
chi ra, con phai xem xet den tai nguyen mgng cua nha cung cap dich vv. Yu
diem lOn nhat cim viec thue dich vu hosting lab cho se tan dung dugc
&rang truyen t6c di) cao có san cua nha cung cap. Nhu vay khi lua chcon nha
cung cap dich vu, phai tim hieu xem nha cung cap dich vu do co ding dung
lugng ra vao Internet la bao nhieu, co bao nhieu khach hang dang sir dung
dich vu dtremg truyen cua nha cung cap dich vu do, tir do du doan dugc toe
dO khach hang se truy cap dugc vao website cua minh. Thong thuemg, khi
thue dich vu hosting, doanh nghiep se phai tra gia tren dung lugng ltru trft va
thong lugng mgng (lugng thong tin truyen qua man trong mOt don vi theri
209
- gian). Nhu vey ve Ca ban, doanh nghiep phai tinh dugc "kich thuac"
website, du bao dung luting luu ter trong tucmg lai, tinh "thong luting" trung
binh hien tai va du bao "thong luting" trong tucmg lai dua vao chien lugc
phat trien website de dua ra su lua chgn dich vu phu hgp vai nhu ceu thuc
th, tranh deu to lang phi.
- Kinh nghifm va uy tin: Kinh nghiem va uy tin thuang the hien a kha
nang bao met, xir 1S, cac su c6, thai gian can thiet de xir 15, cac su c6... cac
yeu t6 nay giup website cua doanh nghiep co kha nang hoat Ong lien tuc
cao nhet.
- flQi ngfi ky thuft: DOi ngii ky thuet cua nha cung cep dich vu chiu
trach nhiem ve ca duy tri hoat dOng, dam bao an town d6i von website cua
doanh nghiep va xir ly cac su c6 phat sinh. S6 luting va ch &
. luting cua dOi
net ky thuet la dieu kien ca ban a dam bao ve chat luting dich vu va thai
gian de khac phuc cac su c6 mang co the xay ra.
- GM thank dich vu phai trong kha nang ng'an sach cua cong ty.
5.1.1.9. Dich vu hosting cho cac website thuang mai dien tee
134 hra chgn nha cung cep dich vu hosting, truck het doanh nghiep can
tinh den uy tin cua nha cung cep va khach hang ma doanh nghiep hue:mg tai.
Vi du, neu doanh nghiep xuet khau mu& quang ba ra thi truong nu6c ngoai,
doanh nghiep nen tim mOt nha cung cep dich vu hosting gen vri khach hang
nhet a tang t6c d8 cho khach hang khi troy nhep website. Trong twang hgp
doanh nghiep mu6n xay dung mOt he th6ng website thuang mai dien tir de
giai thieu cac san phem voi khach hang trong nuoc thi doanh nghiep nen
Bang ky dich vu hosting voi mOt nha cung cep dich vu n8i dia.
Yu diem cua viec hosting a nuac ngoai la cac nha cung cep dich vu
nuac ngoai thulmg CO ca kr ha ding mang, ding nhu dOi ngii ky thuet tot,
dieu do se co lgi trong viec duy tri hoat dOng on dinh cua he thong. Tuy
nhien, trong truang hcfp gip su c6 (CO the do bi hacker ten cong) thi do se la
mOt ter ngai khi thuang luting v&i nha cung cep ley lai quyen cua he thong,
do do khi lua chgn nha cung cap dich vu hosting nuac ngoai chting to can
phai then trong xem xet ve uy tin cua cong ty do. Trong khi do, neu lua chgn
nha cung cap dich vu hosting trong nu& thi thi truang, cong nhu ca sa ha
210
- tang mang khong tot bang oh cac nha cung cap dich vu nu& ngoai, tuy
nhien no co loci the ve mat bao mat va ho troy khi bi tan cong. MOt yeu to khac
can xem xet la gia thanh thue dich vu hosting cila cac nha cung cap dich vu
hosting nuorc ngoai thu&ng c6 gia re han rat nhieu so voi cac dich vu tuang
&rang cua nha cung cap dich vu trong nuac.
5.1.2. Phan mem gidi phdp Chuang mgi dien tir cho doanh nghiep
5.1.2.1. Website thuang mgi dien to •
(i). DOC diem dig Website thuang mgi dien tir
Cac website thucmg mai dien tir can hoat dOng lien tuc 24/7 du la mo
hinh nao. Nhimg website deu can dugc chay ten cac may chii du manh de
xir ly khi lugng truy cap cao nhat. Ben canh you cau hoat dOng nhanh va on
dinh, cac website thucmg mai dien tir giao dich can sir dung nhang phan
mem hiOu qua va de nang cap khi lugng truy cap website tang. Cac website
th8ng tin nhu tin tuc, bao cao, thong tin so h6a... can dap ling nhu cau tim
kiem thong tin nhanh va chinh xac. Thong tin can hien thi nhanh nhat ten
man hinh cua ngueri xem. Nhin chung yeti cau hoat dOng van la 24/7 nIumg
mire dO nhanh va on dinh co the thap han so vai cac website thuang mai
diOn tir giao dich. Yeu cau ve phan cling cling co the thap hcm, tuy nhien yeu
cau ve xir ly luting truy cap dOng co the cao han, do cac website tin tuc,
a
thong tin thu but khach truy cap han.
(ii). Cac chtic nang ca ban c4a website thuang mgi dien tic
Phan mem website thucmg mai diOn tir co the co nhang nhiOm vu khac
nhau, tir viec cung cap catalog trung bay san pham truc tuyen den viOc
don hang ter dOng. MOt giai phap thuang mai diOn tir co ban phai co nhang
chirc nang co ban sau:
- Catalog trung bay san pham;
- Gk.) mua hang;
- Xu ly giao dich dat hang, hgp ding, thanh town...
Cac website thucmg mai diOn tir km, phirc tap han cling sir dung 'then
phan mem co cac chirc nang teen va co them nhimg cong cu ho trg cac hoat
211
- Ong thucmg mai dien tir khac. Phan mem trung gian (middleware) n6i ket
he th6ng thucmg mai dien tir voi cac he thong thong tin dm ding ty (quan 15/
hang ton kho, xir 1.ST don hang, ke toan). Ben canh do co cac gal phan mem
chuyen thuc hien mot s6 chirc nang nhu: phan mem ERP, phan mem SCM,
phan mem CRM, phan mem quan tri nOi dung (CMS) va phan mem quan tri
tri thirc (NM).
Website catalog dien tit
Doanh nghiep sir dung catalog tnmg bay the san pham hoac dich vu cua
minh. Giting nhu trong cua hang ban le truyen th6ng, nha kink doanh gian
hang truc tuyen co the nham hang hoa thanh tong khu theo nhcmg tieu chi
rieng vii ten goi cac gian hang tucmg to nhu gian hang truyen thong. Trong
hau het cac gian hang truyen thong, m61 san pham chi de trong mOt vi tri nhat
Binh, tuy nhien voi gian hang truc tuyen, met san pham co the ducyc phan loaf
o nhieu chimg loai hang khac nhau. Vi du: giay chay co the vira duqc phan
loai trong khu giay hoac khu clung cu the thao.
MOt trang web thucmg mai nho co the co met catalog tinh don gian.
Catalog tinh la mot danh muc don gian duqc viet bang nem ngO HTML,
hien thi trong mot hoac mot s6 trang web. De them vao, x6a di, hoac thay
d6i met muc hay mot san pham trong danh muc, ding ty phai sira lai phan
lenh HTML cua mot hoac met s6 trang. Cac trang web thuong mai ion hon
thuang sir dung au truc catalog dOng.
Catalog Ong luu tit thong tin ve cac muc hang trong cac co so, da
lieu, thuang tren mot may tinh rieng biet c6 the truy cap tai may chit. MOi
muc hang trong catalog Ong c6 the duoc hien thi yen nhieu hinh anh hoac
thong tin chi tik. M'Ot cong cu tim kiem se cho phep khach hang tim kiem
hang He va xem xet lieu mat hang do c6 san ban hay khong. Pham mem
catalog dung thuang &roc gan kern trong met b0 phan mem thuong mai
dien tir ton goi, tuy nhien mgt s6 ding ty viet phan mem catalog rieng, sau
do not vOi co soy du lieu san pham cua ding ty minh.
(iv). Gici mua hang trong thucmg mgt dien to
Khi thuong mai dien tir mai phat trien, khach hang chon san pham ho
quan tam bang cach dien vao met mAu (form) vai cac lua chip ve s6 lugng,
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- ma se san pham, don gia,... trong nhting hep nhap se lieu rieng biet. Dieu
nay gay ldio chiu cho khach hang trong truang hgp khach hang tai met thai
diem guy& dinh mua nhieu han met san pham. MCA van de khi mua hang
trirc tuyen bang cach dien vao mAu mua hang la nguai mua phai dien vao
ma san pham, gia ca va cac thong tin khac ve san pham tnrac khi h9 co the
den tai trang web dat hang. Han ntra, khach hang doi khi lchong nha lieu h9
da kich vao nut giri don hang hay chua. Ket qua la, h9 co the vira gin dat
hang 2 lan cho met don hang (kich chuOt hai lan vao nut dat hang), hoac
nghi rang h9 da gui rei nen khong an vao nut dat hang nfra. Do do, mua
hang theo each tren thuamg clan tai nham 1 n va mac lOi trong qua trinh dat
hang. Nhang han the cua hinh thirc dal hang bang cach dien vao mAu da
dugc khac phuc bang phan mem giO mua hang.
Ngay nay, gi6 mua hang la met tieu chuan a thuc hien thuong mai
dien tir ban le. Gio mua hang luu trir cac san pham ma nguoi mua TA' chgn,
cho phdp nguad mua co the xem lai nhang mat hang minh da chip dua vao
gio, them vao giO mat hang mai hoac be bat di san pham nao do. De dat
hang, khach hang chi can don gian kich chuet vao san pham do, tat ca cac
thong tin ve san pham bao gem gia ca, mo ta, ma san pham hay cac thong
tin khac deu dugc to &Ong tun tru trong gio mua hang. Khi khach hang da
chon hang xong, ho chi can nhan nut thut hien viec mua hang, phan mem
gio mua hang se to dOng tinh toan tong se san pham, tong gia tri tin thanh
toan ding nhu cac chi phi van chuyen hay thu'e. Phan mem Gio mua hang
dm met so website thucmg mai dien tir con cho phep khach hang chgn san
pham dua vao gi6, de giO vao met ngan ao, va khach hang sau vai ngay
quay tra lai mai quy& Binh chgn mua hoac thanh toan. Met se phan mem
gio mua hang dugc ban dec lap de cac cong ty to ket not vao website ban
hang dm minh. Gio mua hang hien dai ding la met cong cu canh tranh trong
Thuang mai dien tir.
(v). Xft ly cac giao dich thuang mai dien tic
Khi nguai mua quyet Binh mua hang bang each nhan vao nut Checkout
tren trang web, khi do trang web thuc hien quy trinh xir ly giao dich: phan
mem thuong mai dien tir thuc hien bat cu met tinh toan can thiet nao, vi du
chi& khau dua tren se lugng hang mua, thue, chi phi van chuyen,... Khi
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- Checkout, ca Ichach hang vi ngueti ban deu chuyen sang giao dien giao dich
an toan. Xir lSt giao dich c6 the la phan phirc tap nhat cua viec ban hang truc
tuyen. Tinh town thue va chi phi van chuyen la nhiing phan quan trang trong
qua trinh nay, va cac nha quan tri mang phai thuemg xuyen Idem tra mire
thue suAt ding nhu chi phi van chuyen de dam bao mirc gia dang dugc ap
dung la mirc gia dimg. MOt s6 phan mem cho phep may chii web AT dOng
cap nhat thong tin gia van chuyen bang cach ket n6i tivc tiep tai cac ding ty
van chuyen.
5.1.2.2. Website clang va cow ding nghe xay dung website clang
Microsoft da phat trien mOt ding nghe tao trang web dOng va dugc sir
dung rang rai hien nay la Active Server Pages (ASP). Sun Microsystems
cling &A' phat trien mOt ding nghe tuang to g9i la Java Server Pages (JSP),
va hiep hOi ma ngu6n m6 Apache Software Foundation cling phat trien mOt
ngon ngft lap trinh tucmg to la PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). Gan day,
mOt ding nghe tuang to dugc Macromedia xay dung voi ten g9i lA Cold
Fusion. Day la bOn ding nghe ph6 bien nhAt dugc sir dung a xay dung cac
website. Trong nhang ding nghe nay, cac cau lenh chay teen may chu dugc
trOn an vOi nhang cau lenh HTML de tao ra cac trang web dOng, tirc la c6
nOi dung khac nhau. Vi du, ASP cho phep nguori lap trinh web sir dung
nhang ngOn nair lap trinh khac nhau nhu VBScript, Jscript, hoac Peri. Java
la ng8n ngit lap trinh do Sun tao ra, cling c6 the dugc sir dung de tao ra cac
trang web dOng. Nhftng in-1g dung do dugc g9i lA Java Servlets.
Nhieu nhA chuyen mon van cho rang cac cong nghe tao trang web dOng
chua thuc su giai guy& dugc viec lap trinh web. HQ cho rang, phucmg phap
xay dung cac trang web nhu vay chi chuyen nhiem vu cua nhling nguesi vitt
cac trang web HTML sang nhang nguen viet lenh ASP (hoac JSP hay PHP).
MOt s6 du an dang dugc trien khai nharn giai guy& van de tao cac trang
web d'6ng triet de ham. Du an Apache Cocoon Project lA mOt trong nhang
du an dien hinh. Apache Cocoon IA mOt ca the xay dung web cho phdp nguoi
lap trinh truy van du lieu ngay ter cac trang HTML va tao ra cac trang web
dm% nhieu dinh clan khac nhau. Chinh tinh nang cho phep tao ra cac trang
web du& nhieu dinh clang khac nhau tao nen the manh ciia Cocoon. Theo
phuang phap nay, cac trang web dugc km tril duai clang cac the HTML va
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- cac the nay se hinh thanh nOi dung that dm cac trang web. Cac thOng tin dugc
yeu eau se dugc xir ly bad cac ling dung Java servlet, cac ling dung nay se doc
cat the HTML va lua chon cac nOi dung dugc yeu cau. Thay vi hien thi trang
web, Cocoon c6 the xay dung nOi dung diing nhu yeu cau. Vi du, ngutri
dung yeu cau mot file Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) de doc ten
thiet bi s6 cam tay PDA, met website sir dung cong nghe Cocoon co the tao
ra nhcmg thong tin duai clang PDF tir nhting file HTML. Nhieu chuyen gia
trong nganh cong nghe thong tin tin twang rang cong nghe Cocoon va cac
ding nghe tucmg to ciia Microsoft (Microsoft.Net famework) va Oracle se
dem lai nhung phucmg phap tot hcm de xay dung cac trang web dOng.
(i. MOt so cong cu phat trien web phij bien
a
Mac du cac cong Cu nay thuang dugc sir dung xay dung cac website
nho, tuy nhien chimg cling c6 the dugc sir dung de xay dung cac thanh phan
rieng le cua cac website thucmg mai dien tir c6 quy mo trung binh bang each
tao ra cat trang web va cac cong cu quan ly website. Vi du phien ban gan
,
day cua chuang trinh Macromedia Dreamweaver d'A tich hop luon ca moi
tnrong phat trien. Nhu vay d6i vai cac nhA thiet ke web c6 kinh nghiem ho
c6 the sir dung de tao ra cac thanh phan cila met trang web dOng de nhu tao
ra met trang web finh.
MOt cong cu thiet ke web khac kha ph6 bien d6 IA Microsoft Frontpage
cling c6 the dugc sir dung de xay dung khunt cua cac website thuang mai
dien tir. Cac thAnh phan con lai cua cac trang web dOng nhu tao danh
muc hang h6a, dich vu khach hang, xix lS7 cac phien giao dich co the dugc
viet b6 sung bang cac cong cu phat trien web khac chang han nhu Visual
Studio.NET cua hang Microsoft.
Sau khi tao xong website voi cac cong cu phat trien nay, nguai thiet ke
can mua 1)6 sung them cac thAnh phan phan mem tien ich khac nhu gio mua
hang, phan mem quan tri nOi dung. Cuoi cling lA tao ra cac phan mem trung
chuyen de ket n6i website vAo cac phan mem voi ca sa dir lieu san c6 cua
cong ty.
Viec mua va sir di..mg cat phan mem thuong mai dien tir nhin chung la
dat hon so vOi viec sir dung cac dich vu thucmg mai ciia nha cung cap dich
215
- vu, yeti chi phi hang nam co the tir 2.000 den 50.000 do la My. Cac phan
mem thuang mai dien tir c6 gia thanh trtmg binh chi cho phep ket n6i tai cac
ca sa dir lieu ve danh muc san pham. Sau khi da ket not duac ten ca sey dit
lieu danh muc san pham, no cho phep cap nhat, thay d6i thong tin. Tham
chi, m6t vai he thOng con cho phep ket not tai he thOng quan tri tai nguyen
(ERP) cua town b6 doanh nghiep. Dieu nay cho phep cac citing ty khong phai
chay &Ong thoai nhieu he thOng trimg lap nhau va gia tri dm he thong dang
c6 duqc trai r6ng ra cho mgt vai he thOng phan mem. Ba he thOng thuang
mai dien tir ph6 bien hien nay cho cac doanh nghiep vira la Intershop
Enfinity Multisite, WebSphere Commerce Suite dm IBM va Commerce
Server 2002 dm hang Microsoft.
(h). Mg't so pluin mem qua,: tri not dung website thuang mgi dien to
Phan lan cac phan mem thuang mai dien tir deu CO cac tinh nang
d6ng va tien tich de tao ra cac trang web mAu, nhu trang chit, trang giai
thieu, trang lien he... Tuy nhien phan lem cac doanh nghiep muOn tuy bien
cac trang web von dac thu rieng cua minh, phit h9p von san pham, dich vu va
nganh nghe kinh doanh. De mua mot phan mem quan tri n6i dung website
thuang mai dien tir, can phai kiem tra cac tinh 'tang nham dam bao than
vien cua cong ty co the thvc hien duqc cac thao tac thtkmg xuyen phai xir ly
d6i yen he thong nhu cap nhat, thay doi, b6 sung, xir ly cac dan dat hang, ke
toan, thue... Ve ca ban, phan mem can dap img yeu cAu dan gian h6a cac
thao tac cua ngtr6i sir dung d6i von cac cong viec xir ly dir lieu va giao dich
hang ngay.
Khi thuang mai dien tir phat tritn, cac doanh nghiep CO xu htrong tim cac
giai phap moi nham sir dung web va internet de chia se thong tin gifta cac
than vien, khach hang, nha cung cap va cac d6i tic cua minh. Phan mem
quan tri n6i dung hi) tra quan 1S, khOi luang lan cac thong tin, van ban, hinh
anh... lien quan den cong viec kinh doanh. Ved sv phat trien nhanh chong cita
cong nghe khOng day, va cac thiet bi lchong day nhu dien thoai di d6ng, may
tinh cam tay, PDA, viec quan tri n6i dung se gift') than vien chia xe thong tin
a dang han, giam thai gian, chi phi giao dich.
Khi cong ty can co nhieu each khac nhau de truy nhap den tai nguyen
thong tin nhu thong tin cac san phAm, quy each, gia ca, huong dan sir dung...
216
- co the xem xet giai phap quan tri va sir dung thong tin thong qua cac phAn
mem quan tri not dung. Ba cong ty dang dim dau ve cung cap gidi phdp
quiin trj nfii dung trin thi Documentum, Vignette va
Webmethods. Phan mem quaff trj trOi dung co gid khodng tir 200.000 din
500.000 USD.
(iii). Mot so phiin mem quan tri he thong dieing tin trong doanh nghiep
Ngay nay s6 lugng cac cong ty sir dung phAn mem quan tri nOi dung
(CMS) dang ngay can tang len. 11Au het cac phAn mem quan tri not dung
a
dugc thiet ke ra trg giup cac cong ty quan tri tat ca cac thong tin trong nOi
be doanh nghiep. Mk du gia thanh da giam xu6ng do viec thay the cac hinh
thirc luu trir thong tin truyen thong tren giay t6 sang luu tnt dinh clang then
tir, met vai ding ty bat au nhAn ra rang gia tri dich thuc cua nhimg van ban
do la thong tin chua dung trong cac he thing thong tin nay. Do vA'y, ho bat
dAu tim kiem cac he th6ng co the gifip hg quan tri cac tri thirc hcm la viec
chi bieu di& cac van ban hay hinh thirc cita tri thirc. Ck phAn mem nhu vAy
dugc ggi IA phAn mem quan tri tri fink (Knowledge Management).
Phan mem quan tri tri thirc giup cac cong ty b6n viec chinh sau: thu
thA'p va to chic thong tin, chia se thong tin cho nguoi sir dung, nang cao
nang luc cim nguoi sir dung trong cong tac, luu fru cac tri thin thu dugc qua
viec sir dung thong tin sao cho ngu6i sir dung trong Wong lai c6 the hoc had
kinh nghiem cua nhang nguei sir dung hien hanh. Plan mem quan tri tri
thirc cling bao g6m cac cong cu cho phep d9c cac van ban dien tir (vi du
duoi dinh long Microsoft Word hoc Adobe PDF), anh quet cila van ban,
thong diep dien tir, tin nhan, hoc cac trang web. Phan mem quan tri tri thirc
cung bao g6m cac ding cu tim kiem mph cho phep sir dung ngi'r nghia va
cac thuAt town th6ng ke de trg giup ngu6i dAng tim kiem cac nei dung va cac
tai nguyen khac de trg giup nguiyi dAng trong viec nghien cfru ding nhu ra
quyet dinh.
Ck phAn mem quan tri tri thirc dugc chAo bad mot s6 nhA cung cap
phAn mem lon bao g6m IBM Lotus Discovery Server, Microsoft SharePoint
Technologies. Ben cph do, ding cao 2 cong ty nho ham cung cap phAn mem
quan tri tri thirc khac do IA Entopia Quantum va. Miro Worlds Technologies
Scopeware. T6ng tri gia cho viec cai at phAn mem quan tri tri thirc bao
217
- g6m ca phan cling, ban quyen phan mem, phi to van thuong khoang to
50.000 den 1.000.000 USD.
(iv)Phdn edm phan tich du lieu (Data Mining)
Chuang trinh may chit web c6 the thu thap dugc cac thong tin ve nguad
sir dung khi h9 truy nhap vao website, cac thong tin nhu ai dang truy nhap,
truy nhap trong bao lau bat du truy nhap vao luc nao, luc nao thi ket thitc,
,
va nguati sir dung da vao nhimg trang nao. Da lieu thu thap dugc nay se
dugc luu trir trong file nhat 14 (log file). Tuy nhien, t6c dO tang truamg cita
tep nhat 14, nay la rat nhanh, dac biet la nhimg trang web pht) bien thi c6 the
co hang tram nghin nguoi truy nhap trong mot ngay. Viec phan tich cac file
nhat 14 nay mot cach can than se thu dugc nhieu ket qua c6 lgi cho hoat
dOng kinh doanh. De nam dugc y nglila cua cac thong tin trong "nhat 14",
thong thuamg chimg to phai sir dung phan mem phan tich du lieu dm nha
cling cap thir ba. Chuang trinh nay c6 chirc nang tong hgp thong tin tir "nhat
kS, " va dua ra cac bao cao cu the nhu bao nhieu nguati sir dung truy nhap
trang web mot ngay, gief, phut hoac thad gian nao thi s6 ngtriyi sir dung tang
dOt bien, hay trang nao trong website dugc nhieu nguad xem nhat, muc nao
dugc truy nhap nhieu nhat. Cac chucmg tinh phan tich "nhat ky website" phi
bien phai ke den cac san pham dm Analog, Keylime Software, Urchin Web
Analytics, Web Side Story va Webtrends.
(v) Tien ich Link checking va quan tri website doanh nghiep
-
MOt website quan tri chuyen dung bao g6m mgt tap cac co cite chuan,
bat du vai link-checking. Link-checker kiem tra tong trang tren website
xem co trang nao bi 18i, bi hong, hay c6 bat kY sit c6 nao do. NO ding cung
cap dugc thong tin ve cac tep "m6 coi", tire la cac tep khong dugc bat ky
trang web nao lien ket den trong website. MOt co the quan trong khac cua
website quart tri la kiem tra tinh hieu li,rc cua cac script va HTML. MOt vai
ding cu quan tri khac cif) the xac dinh dugc 18i ve cac trang va ma ngu6n,
liet ke danh sach cac duang lien ket hi 18i, va giri ket qua bao tri den nguad
quan tri qua thu dien tit.
D6i vai trang web dm cong ty, viec thuamg xuyen theo doi kiem tra cac
duamg lien ket la rat quan trong. MOt vai phan mem may chit web khong co
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